Italianate Homes, Romantic and Picturesque

Italianate Homes, Romantic and Picturesque Of the considerable number of homes worked in the United States during the Victorian time, the sentimental Italianate style turned into the most famous for a brief timeframe. With their almost level rooftops, wide overhang, and monstrous sections, these homes recommended the sentimental manors of Renaissance Italy. The Italianate style is otherwise called Tuscan, Lombard, or organized. Italianate and the Picturesque Movement The recorded underlying foundations of Italianate styles are in Italian Renaissance design. A portion of the principal Italian estates were planned by Renaissance draftsman Andrea Palladio in the sixteenth century. Palladio rehashed Classical engineering, merging the plans of a Roman sanctuary into private design. By the nineteenth century, English-talking engineers were reexamining Roman plans once more, catching the kind of what they envisioned to be the Italian manor look. The Italianate style started in England with the pleasant development. For a considerable length of time English homes would in general be formal and old style in style. Neoclassical design was precise and proportioned. With the beautiful development, be that as it may, the scene picked up significance. Engineering got necessary to its environmental factors, yet additionally turned into a vehicle for encountering the regular world and encompassing nurseries. The example books of British-conceived scene engineer Calvert Vaux (1824-1895) and the American Andrew Jackson Downing (1815-1852) carried this idea to an American crowd. Particularly mainstream was A. J. Downings 1842 book Rural Cottages and Cottage-Villas and their Gardens and Grounds Adapted to North America. American engineers and manufacturers such as Henry Austin (1804-1891) and Alexander Jackson Davis (1803-1892) started to plan whimsical amusements of Italian Renaissance manors. Modelers replicated and reconsidered the style for structures in the United States, making Italianate engineering in the U.S. remarkably American in style. Probably the best case generally Victorian Italianate engineering is possessed by the National Park Service. The John Muir National Historic Site in Martinez, California makes a case for the 17-room John Muir Mansion, worked in 1882, and acquired by the well known American naturalist. Sovereign Victoria administered England for a long, long time - from 1837 until her passing in 1901 - so Victorian engineering is more a time period than a particular style. During the Victorian time, developing styles caught an enormous crowd by the broadly distributed house design books pressed with building plans and home structure guidance. Unmistakable architects and artists distributed numerous designs for Italianate and Gothic Revival style homes. By the late 1860s, the design had moved through North America. Why Builders Loved the Italianate Style Italianate design knew no class limits. The high square towers settled on the style a characteristic decision for upscale homes of the recently rich. Anyway the sections and other design subtleties, made reasonable by new techniques for machine creation, were handily applied to basic cabins. Students of history state that Italianate turned into the supported style for two reasons: (1) Italianate homes could be developed with a wide range of building materials, and the style could be adjusted to unobtrusive spending plans; and (2) new innovations of the Victorian period made it conceivable to rapidly and moderately produce cast-iron and press-metal enhancements. Numerous nineteenth century business structures, including urban living houses, were built with this functional yet rich plan. Italianate remained the favored house style in the U.S. until the 1870s, when the Civil War checked the advancement of development. Italianate was additionally a typical style for unobtrusive structures like horse shelters and for bigger open structures, for example, town lobbies, libraries, and train stations. You will discover Italianate structures in almost all aspects of the United States with the exception of the profound South. There are less Italianate structures in the southern states in light of the fact that the style arrived at its top during the Civil War, when the south was monetarily crushed. Italianate was an early type of Victorian design. After the 1870s, compositional design moved in the direction recently Victorian styles, for example, Queen Anne. Italianate Features Italianate homes can be wood-sided or block, with business and open properties frequently being workmanship. The most well-known Italianate styles will frequently have a considerable lot of these attributes: a low-pitched or level rooftop; a reasonable, balanced rectangular shape; a tall appearance, with two, three, or four stories; wide, overhanging roof with huge sections and cornices; a square dome; a yard bested with balustraded galleries; tall, restricted, matched windows, regularly curved with hood moldings anticipating over the windows; a side straight window, regularly two stories tall; vigorously formed swinging doors; Roman or fragmented curves above windows and entryways; and rusticated quoins on workmanship structures. Italianate house styles in America can appear to be a blend of attributes from various periods, and here and there they are. The Italian-motivated Renaissance Revival homes are increasingly palatial yet at the same time regularly mistook for the Victorian Italianate style. The French-propelled Second Empire, similar to houses in the Italianate style, regularly highlight a high, square pinnacle. Beaux Arts structures are stupendous and expand, frequently grasping Italianate thoughts alongside Classical. Indeed, even Neo-Mediterranean manufacturers of the twentieth century returned to Italianate topics. Victorian design incorporates an assortment of mainstream styles, however ask yourself how beautiful each is. Instances of Italianate Houses Italiante houses can be found over the United States. frequently concealed in sudden spots. The Lewis House worked in 1871, is on a side street outside Ballston Spa, New York. Not named for the first proprietor, the Lewis family changed over memorable home close to Saratoga Springs into a Bed Breakfast business. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/pxvcFTn2DAcOymyud-IKvzjcb3w=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Italianate-LewisHse-032225-crop-57d1a0fd3df78c71b6338e87.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/pLvAjk-g08mQoeeb7Gubj80kV_8=/1040x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Italianate-LewisHse-032225-crop-57d1a0fd3df78c71b6338e87.jpg 1040w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/__vsR4Z9x0h5Pr0cuz6nmTI_mD0=/1780x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Italianate-LewisHse-032225-crop-57d1a0fd3df78c71b6338e87.jpg 1780w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ - e34dcZZiN-bBhD_Hxw2ygn344M=/3262x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Italianate-LewisHse-032225-crop-57d1a0fd3df78c71b6338e87.jpg 3262w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3ogZSx2VyT-cBMG2nWgPKGU4c=/3262x2201/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Italianate-LewisHse-032225-crop-57d1a0fd3df78c71b6338e87.jpg src=//:0 alt=Italianate style house, 2 stories, yellowish agreeing with green trim and maroon features, a square vault on a level rooftop, sections inside the rooftop overhands and entryway patio class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-30 information following container=true /> Italianate Lewis House, 1871, Ballston Spa, New York. Jackie Craven In Bloomington, Illinois you can visit Clover Lawn, worked in 1872. Otherwise called the David Davis Mansion, the design joins Italianate and Second Empire executions. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/C6hbS9T-TlbkYs6-z7LiASrYl6c=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/design Italianate-Clover-Lawn-Teemu08-WC-crop-5ae74f723418c6003794d00e.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/bxh6eovd9cV8M5LJWZK5_yhRIKQ=/1015x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/engineering Italianate-Clover-Lawn-Teemu08-WC-crop-5ae74f723418c6003794d00e.jpg 1015w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/KTMaML1xZppUHtz0Ea9dlIx7ZzM=/1730x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/engineering Italianate-Clover-Lawn-Teemu08-WC-crop-5ae74f723418c6003794d00e.jpg 1730w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/pzGoXbaImQdowoHio61EgFTLbhM=/3160x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/engineering Italianate-Clover-Lawn-Teemu08-WC-crop-5ae74f723418c6003794d00e.jpg 3160w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Hk2_Tx3bb4sQnwmTr6rC2vkJ2MY=/3160x2095/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/design Italianate-Clover-Lawn-Teemu08-WC-crop-5ae74f723418c6003794d00e.jpg src=//:0 alt=square, yellow house with quoins and front pinnacle class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-33 information following container=true /> David Davis Mansion, 1872, Illinois. Teemu08 through Wikimedia Commons, own work, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported permit (CC BY-SA 3.0) trimmed The Andrew Low House in Savannah, Georgia was worked in 1849. This notable house by New York designer John Norris has been depicted as Italianate, most strikingly in light of its urban nursery arranging. To get the full feeling of Italiante subtleties, particularly the rooftop, the onlooker must advance back both truly and in time. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/CRHsn9dc4v8C8U1rplHNHMqRlwY=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/design Savannah-Victorian-564116347-crop-5a8f349fc673350037a87d5f.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/bpGN6FnQSHj8zyePnBb5ze6Noy8=/1391x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/engineering Savannah-Victorian-564116347-crop-5a8f349fc673350037a87d5f.jpg 1391w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/dqRLxPP_I4kPS_8Tqo_JXt90EcQ=/2482x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/design Savannah-V

Week 2 - Discussion Question - INTL 5645 Assignment

Week 2 - Discussion Question - INTL 5645 - Assignment Example The Great Leap Forward depicts a time of expectation where the individuals gathered themselves into networks. The cooperatives expanded association between individuals in the general public and expanded creation. Expanded creation guaranteed that the network was accommodated during the period. The film depicts a more joyful and cheerful society as the individuals share obligations. Aggregate exercises increment the union between the individuals of china (Seth). During the incomparable Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, the general public experience a time of expanded food creation. This implied the general public was sound as nourishing needs were provided food. The expectations of the individuals were influenced by times of dry spell and floods, which influenced food creation (James 25). The film indicated lively individuals, which was a sharp agreement to the truth. The film catches Cultural Revolution propelled by Mao trying to take out political resistance. His aim was to restore the country into Maoism. The sharp appear differently in relation to the fact of the matter is unfortunate in the film and influences the believability of the film (To

MIT Festival of Learning

MIT Festival of Learning “It’s not just a working tool. It’s a thinking tool!” pronounced the award-winning makers of Snipmap, a Google Chrome extension made during the Festival of Learning Hackathon. Snipmap’s slogan can also apply to the Festival itself. FoL was organized by the MIT Office of Digital Learning around the idea that we need to bring technology and pedagogy together for effective learning. We are already using technology in the classroom, but it is not always interactive nor designed with educators and learners in mind. Videos, for example, are helpful, but researchers have determined them to not be conducive to learning. In order to help teachers, we need to make technology “think.” MIT is an excellent place to do this, as it is on the forefront of the ed tech movement. As early as 2001, at the suggestion of the faculty, MIT pioneered OpenCourseWare, an online platform that allowed students all over the world to access Institute course materials. Now MIT is trying to implement technology in a way that works best for students in on-campus courses (and you can follow along with MIT students using the open edX platform here!). The Festival of Learning was sponsored by the Office of Digital Learning to highlight and address these emerging challenges. Beyond the higher-level idea of bringing technology and pedagogy together, there are tractable issues to solve in existing online platforms: How can we present content in the most intriguing way? How do we code different kinds of problems (that is, not multiple-choice) and automatically score them? How can we organize and visualize data in a way that works best for students and instructors? How can we prevent “cheating” on edX problems sets and exams? And my personal favorite as a student: how do we search for concepts within video materials? The latter would be an extremely helpful question to answer, as most of the online content for my classes is in video form, which is difficult to review before exams or during problem-solving. Those are just a few of the questions that FoL organizers shared with the hackathon participants, who were then encouraged to generate their own ideas based on personal experiences. Everyone with some coding experience and a passion for solving problems and inspiring other learners was welcome to participate. It was a hackathon of a familiar format but novel topicâ€"education. Based on what I learned about the Festival, I would have loved to participate myself. Alas, I can’t code yet, so I hope MIT continues to support higher education hackathons in the future. The hackathon participants began the day with several inspirational events by industry leaders and instructors (videos of all events linked). There were talks by Satya Nitta of IBM Watson Education and Andrew Sutherland of Quizlet.com (fun fact: Sutherland started Quizlet for his high school French class, and then dropped out of MIT his junior year to build the platform full-time). There were Teaching @ MIT Lightning Round talks with beloved MIT faculty Peter Dourmashkin (Course 8 Physics), Dennis Freeman (6 Electrical Engineering Computer Science), Lorna Gibson  (3 Materials Science and Engineering), Michael Cuthbert (21M Music), and Ely Sachs (2 Mechanical Engineering). Then there was a Learning Expo highlighting educational initiatives and projects throughout MIT. These events were well-attended by members of the MIT community. After the long and inspirational day of learning, hackathon participants split into teams to work until the next morning (with a break for sleep). The next day, they presented some truly incredible products, especially considering that they’d only met twelve hours (excluding sleep) prior! The Audience Choice Award went to Snipmap, a browser extension and desktop application for writing papers. It was a fascinating project, and, if I were an investor, I would not hesitate to fund its further development. Snipmap allows the user to easily organize online research. Imagine: when you find an article of interest, you can snip the relevant quotes, tag them in relationship to your thesis (e.g. supporting or contradicting it), and then visualize all the quotes in a beautiful knowledge map on the desktop Snipmap app. Then you can write your paper right in the desktop app, with your knowledge map and quotes list right by your side. An added bonus: Snipmap automatically saves the citation and link for the article you highlight! I highly recommend watching the full Snipmap team’s presentation here. The amount of creative energy the team put into designing the app is truly impressive. Snipmap looks so well-made after only half a day of work that, watching the video, I couldn’t help dreaming about how I would use the tool, and how much easier it would make my final weeks of the semester (for papers like this one). The Implementation Viability Award went to the creators of Retainer, a browser extension with the catchy slogan, “Practice makes permanent.” Retainer is a tool for automatically creating online quizzes. The version of Retainer created after only twelve work-hours can convert any Wikipedia page into a quiz by turning keywords into blanks with dropdown multiple-choice selections. All you need to do is to click the Retainer button in the corner. Future versions of Retainer would hopefully allow users to transform any page into a quiz with relevant multiple-choice options. I cannot wait to see that! And if you want to see Retainer in action right now, check out the video here. If you want to see other winning projects, continue watching! Visiting the Festival of Learning and talking with the organizers and mentors was truly a blast, and I hope that taking 6.00 Introduction to Computer Science and Programming Using Python this semester will allow me to be part of an FoL Hackathon team another time (note: you can take 6.00 on edX with me here). Who wouldn’t want to spend a day solving problems of higher education with passionate people, industry leaders, and good food? I look forward to seeing how this year’s FoL Hackathon winners continue to develop their products. And, as to the FoL mentors, they were able to solve an edX issue on the very first day of the FoL themselves! I am grateful to MIT for supporting events like the Festival of Learning and look forward to attending more. What problem would your team solve at the Festival of Learning? Share your ideas in the comments below! Post Tagged #MIT Festival of Learning #MIT Office of Digital Learning

Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier - 720 Words

During the years 1800 to 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte was preparing a large army. His goal was to spread the idea of the French Revolution and ultimately expanded Frances bountiful pride and glory. The way this was going to happen, according to Napoleon, was through expanding French territory. In order to do this he would need a large army, so that involved enlisting men by conscription. The army was filled with French men, as well as men from Germany and other surrounding areas. The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier looks first hand look at the life of an average soldier at the time, Jakob Walter. He was a nineteen year old german boy enlisted by conscription and assigned to regiment Romig, later known as Franquemont Regiment. In somewhat of†¦show more content†¦He did supply the men with clothing, but not the kind of clothing they needed for the Russian winter, because Napoleon was not expecting for the expansion to take as much time as it did. The men were not always lacking in food, clothes, and shelter, in some places they were treated well and given plenty of alcohol and food to keep them occupied. Some areas the men passed through they would exploit the common people to get ahold of the necessities they needed. From the beginning Walter was relentless in getting the things that he knew he would need. When he had to requisition food from a village he found a Jewish man, he had to chase after him and finally caught up to him in an attic of a house in which there were many women and children. In Walters own words he said, I took him, dragged him down the two flights of stairs, and had to hold him by the coat and kick him forward for two hours, threatening him if he should fail to lead me the right village (pg. 6). This was just one example of how poorly the common people were treated and this continued throughout every campaign, but was soon returned to them when they entered into Russia. The soldiers were faced with attacks from the Cossacks in Russia andShow MoreRelated Napoleons Russian Campaign Essay2887 Words   |  12 PagesSmolensk, Barclay’s army was anxiously guarding the city’s right side. Napoleon though swung around to the Russians left side, crossed the Dnieper River and attacked the city from the south. A courageous rearguard action by a group of 9,500 Russian soldiers under General Neverovsky gained enough time for the First and Second Western Armies to unite in the city and hear Barclay’s command. Bargation and most of the generals were determined to make a stand but Barclay disagreed with them. He recognized

Language Is The Primary Form Of Communication For The...

Introduction: Language can play many different roles in our day-to-day life. It’s a means of communication and a way of expressing our needs, wants, feelings and emotions. The purpose of this essay is to firstly highlight the important role language plays in every stage of a child’s life, while also examining the learning processes and cues that are used by children to understand written, oral and visual language. Secondly, discuss what it means for a child to be multiliterate in today’s society as technology continues to increase. And lastly how language ‘arises from cultural and social contexts, and is understood by people in terms of their own social and cultural backgrounds’ (Green, 2006). Gestural: Language is the primary form of communication for the human race and can be both seen and heard and can incorporate a range of modes including music, movement, dance, story telling, visual arts, media and drama, as well as talking, listening, viewing, reading and writing (EYLF, 2009). While oral and written languages are the most common amongst people, meaning can also be conveyed through visual forms such as gestures, posture, facial expression, eye contact and movement. When people are not able to communicate properly and pick up on these important signals they are significantly disadvantaged in many ways (Fellowes, Oakley, Ivonne, 2014). Sign language is a perfect example of language that can be seen and not heard as it’s a form of communication through which peopleShow MoreRelatedMedia And Communication1595 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I am going to discuss how the media is a primary form of human communication and how media relates to identity, society, and citiz enship. I will also talk about key terms we have learned and discussed in the course and relate them to the questions. Media is a primary form of communication, through forms such as technology, politics, economy. Media directly influences identity, society, and citizenship. 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Ethical Decision Making Free Essays

Ethical Decision Making End of Life Submitted by: Anthony Mcdew Ethical nursing care Nurses are faced with ethical decision making on a daily basis. This could be both stressful and challenging. The following case study I chose to walk through is: Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Decision Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now Clarke is a patient who has advanced AIDS with related pain syndromes and is also actively abusing drugs. The nurse is concerned about his abusing his pain medications and is not sure if she should give them to him as he leaves the hospital. It will be my assumption that this patient is nearing the end of their life. The value, be, do ethical decision-making model will provide the framework I need to assess this case study (Schaffer and Norlander). I also will be using ethical decision making tools to guide my decision making process. What should I value? The first step of the value, be, do ethical decision-making model answers the question what should I value? It is time that I look deep into the meaning of my life in regards to my professional nursing practice. What do I value in life? The meaning of life for me involves personal and professional respect for my patient and his physician in charge of his care. This involves respecting my patient and his situation. Also, trusting the prescribing Physicians education and training is something I value. Along with valuing respect; I value quality end of life care for my patient. Every individual deserves a peaceful death with minimal pain and suffering if possible. To obtain this, I also need to value my relationship with my patient. Developing a trusting relationship is important for him and also me when dealing with uncomfortable conversations that may have to take place. Finally, I think that I value my education and critical thinking skills. These skills are important to value because I will have to make a decision if I think my patient can handle taking his own pain medications on his own. My education and critical thinking skills will guide me to problem resolution that has the best outcome for the patient. Who should I be? Not only is it important to understand what values impact my actions and decisions; it is also important to make sure my actions reflect my values. The values I have make sure that I am an advocate for my patient’s comfort as well as their safety. They also help me be an active and compassionate listener as well as a teacher. If I am a trustworthy person; my patient will hopefully feel comfortable talking to me about his addiction. Finally, to ensure a quality end of life experience for my patient, I will stay educated on medication dosages, side effects, and other treatments for pain. By critically thinking, I should be able to educate my patient and help communicate to the Physician about the patients concerns regarding pain addiction and pain control. What should I do? By understanding what I value and who I am; I now should be able to fulfill my actions. First, I feel that I should take time to analyze the patients past medical history and medications that helped his pain. Second, I will review the pain medications with the Physicians to ensure I have a proper understanding of his or her plan. Then I will review what is needed to provide quality end of life care with good pain control to a dying AIDS patient. After I feel that I have a great understanding of the situation; it is time I listen and talk with my patient. Assure them that I am there as their advocate for safe and complete end of life care. This may require me to act as a counselor or bring in interdisciplinary team members to assist my patient. My number one goal is to provide safe end of life care; but as painless and comfortable as possible. Analyze response to case study It is always challenging to give patients medications knowing that they may become, or have become addicted. In my current practice we see many patients who go to pain clinics and have pain contracts to help with their addiction and pain management. The difference is, my patients are not dying. Thiroux’s universal ethical principles allow nurses to take time and review the ethical situation. In my case study, I personally feel the Mr. Clarke has the right to a peaceful death if possible. The problem is that the medications we are giving him may kill him first. Thiroux’s principles allows for individual freedom and valuing life. My patient should have the freedom he needs to decide if the pain if worse or the addiction. Depending on how long he has to live, the addiction may be the least of his problems. I feel that I need to value his life and quality of life. Also, I need to understand that death most likely is going to happen. (Blackboard). Thiroux’s universal ethical principles allow nurses to assess the client situation; as well as the caring and justice model (blackboard). This model enhances how nurses feel about ethical problems. Mr. Clarke’s situations force me as his primary nurse to understand how to be an advocate for him and his situation. It also reminds me to use my compassion and virtue when caring and talking with him about his pain addiction. Finally, I have learned that solving or being part of an ethical dilemma can be easier on a nurse by incorporating spirituality. I think that by assessing Mr. Clarke’s spirituality; I may be able to help him with his addiction or suffering he is facing. Isaiah 43:4-5 says that â€Å"Since you are precious and honored in my sight, and because I love you, I will give men in exchange for you and people in exchange for your life†. It goes on to say that we should not be afraid because God is with us and will unite us together. This bible verses supports my belief that God is there for us as nurses and that he had a purpose for us. God gave us the power to support all situations. The verses also leads me to believe that the purpose of life is to help others physically, emotionally, or spiritually with whatever gifts you may have. I truly believe that God gave me the guidance I need to make this ethical decision on how to help Mr. Clarke. I believe that with proper education and assessment of his pain protocol; Mr. Clarke deserves to have pain relief. This can be done by having his medications monitored. However, they should not be withheld. God does not want suffering and either do I. Quality guidelines Domains of end of life quality care. The domains of end of life quality care that apply to my case study include: pain and symptom control, achieving a sense of control, and possibly strengthen the relationship with loved ones. It is my goal to provide quality end of life care to Mr. Clarke. This includes symptom and pain management. By allowing him to have a sense of control with his pain medications; he is able to help determine is end of life experience. Finally, by assessing Mr. Clarke’s relationship with his family I will be able to see if they can help him. There help could be support, symptom monitoring, and medication management. They also may be able to help him with alternative measures at times including: guided imagery, music therapy, massage etc. Bill of last rights. Not only is it important to understand the domains of end of life quality care; it is also important to remember the bill of last rights. These rights are consistent reminders of the rights dying patients have or basic human rights. Mr. Clarke has a right to control, to be comfortable, and the right to hear the truth. These rights remind me as his caregiver that he is part of this process as well as his medical care team. Even though I feel we still should prescribe his medications; I also believe that he is entitled to know that he has become addicted and how to work through it. Seven Promises. Another tool to use when assessing Mr. Clarkes case study would be reviewing the Seven Promises. The one promise that stands out the most to me is â€Å"never be overwhelmed by symptoms† (blackboard). This includes never having to â€Å"endure overwhelming pain, shortness of breath, or other symptoms (blackboard). This promise reminds me as his care giver that his care team needs to consistently be assessing his pain protocol and symptom management. The other promise that I feel would be beneficial to remember when caring for Mr. Clarke is â€Å"make the best of everyday† (blackboard). This allows the care team to remember that Mr. Clarke is an individual and each day we need to make sure we are helping him. Not only is it important to offer medications for pain management; it is also important to offer alternatives. Each day as his nurse I can document what time of day his pain is worse, what stimulus increases and decreases pain. Every day, I can do my best to help him make the best of his day. Precepts of Palliative care. The last option I have encountered that I can to do assess my patient’s situation is to analyze the organization. By reviewing the Precepts of care, I will be able to make sure the organization is not lacking in any areas that may help Mr. Clarke. This tools will allow us to make sure the organization is respecting the patients decisions, giving comprehensive care, utilize resources of team members, address caregivers concerns, and analyzing the environment (blackboard). This can ensure that not only I am providing good ethical care to my patient, as well as the organization and medical care team. Actions/Response After analyzing and utilizing all of the tools available to me; I have decided that Mr. Clarke deserves to get his pain medication. He is actively dying and has the right to pain and symptom control. It is easier to monitor his addiction then his suffering. The Physician is prescribing only a certain quantity of medications at a time. This can help the care team to monitor his addiction. I believe that the situation would be different if the patient was not dying. I believe that with my strong understanding of my values; I will be able to allow my actions to be appropriate. This will help guide me through â€Å"what should I do†? Ethical decision making is never an easy process. By having the proper tools, it can help medical care team members make a decision. It is my job to educate, counsel, support, and advocate for Mr. Clarke. I would need to be concerned with his medication addiction if he started to overdose. The case study said he is only having trouble with addiction. However, his medication management still needs to be closely monitored for this scenario. Ethical situations can change depending on the situation. I hold strong to by choice that Mr. Clarke needs his pain medications. Reference Bethel College of Nursing Department (n. d. ). Bethel University NURS344 Blackboard Course modules 2010, St. Paul MN. Schaffer, M. , Norlander, L. (2009) Being present A Nurse’s resource for end of life communication. Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International. . How to cite Ethical Decision Making, Papers Ethical Decision Making Free Essays Ethics-PHI 220 03/16/2012 Ethical Decision Making Paper Case Study: From Santa Clara University There are two types of surrogacy. One type involves a surrogate mother who uses her own egg and carries the baby for someone else. The other type is a â€Å"gestational surrogacy† in which the mother has no genetic tie to the child she carries. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Decision Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the case presented, a gestational surrogate is used. A woman, after a bout with uterine cancer had a hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus). Before, its removal, however, she had several eggs removed for possible fertilization in the future. Now married, the woman wishes to have a child with her husband. Obviously she cannot bear the child herself, so the couple utilizes a company to find a surrogate mother for them. The husband’s sperm is used to fertilize one of the wife’s eggs, and is implanted in the surrogate mother. The couple pays all of the woman’s pregnancy-related expenses and an extra $18,000 as compensation for her surrogacy, and after all expenses are taken into account the couple pays the woman approximately $31,000 and the agency approximately $5,000. Though the surrogate passed stringent mental testing to ensure she was competent to carry another couple’s child, after carrying the pregnancy to term, the surrogate says that she has become too attached to â€Å"her† child to give it up to the couple. A legal battle ensues. Step 1: Gather Relevant Information The Surrogate is carrying a baby that has no genetic ties to her. The Surrogate was paid quiet well to do a service and decides not to follow through with the service. The surrogate now decides to keep the baby and the money because she has grown to close to the baby. Step 2: Type of ethical problem According to Markkula center for applied ethics, justice means giving each person what he or she deserves or, in more traditional terms, giving each person his or her due. Justice and fairness are closely related terms that are often today used interchangeably. There have, however, also been more distinct understandings of the two terms. While justice usually has been used with reference to a standard of rightness, fairness often has been used with regard to an ability to judge without reference to one’s feelings or interests; fairness has also been used to refer to the ability to make judgments that are not overly general but that are concrete and specific to a particular case. In any case, a notion of desert is crucial to both justice and fairness. (SCU) The most fundamental principle of justice—one that has been widely accepted since it was first defined by Aristotle more than two thousand years ago—is the principle that â€Å"equals should be treated equally and unequal’s unequally. † In its contemporary form, this principle is sometimes expressed as follows: â€Å"Individuals should be treated the same, unless they differ in ways that are relevant to the situation in which they are involved. (SCU) By the surrogate keeping this baby, she is going against everything that was in the agreement. This baby has no attachment to the surrogate; it is the egg of the husband and wife who paid her to carry their child. In the United States it is illegal to pay a person for non-replenish able organs. The fear is that money will influence the poor to harm their bodies for the benefit of the rich. Is there a parallel between this case and this law? Can allowing surrogate mothers to be paid for their troubles allow poorer women to be oppressed? On their website, the AMA says â€Å"that surrogacy contracts [when the surrogate uses her own egg], while permissible, should grant the birth other the right to void the contract within a reasonable period of time after the birth of the child. If the contract is voided, custody of the child should be determined according to the child’s best interests. † (SCU) However this is not the case with this couple, the couple used their own egg and implanted it into the surrogate so should the same rules apply? Step 3: Apply Ethical Theorie s and Approaches Ethical theory is divided into two main types or approaches in this case which are virtue and duty ethics. Virtue ethics begins by considering what makes a person (or his/her character or motives) morally good (Aristotle, Hume). Duty Ethics focuses on rules or acts and what makes them right (Mill, Kant, Rawls). (Ethical Theory) According to the both theories the surrogate should hand over the child to the biological parents. This surrogate has no real ties to the child and was paid for a service and is violating a contract by not providing the child she was paid to deliver. Step 4: Exploring Practical Alternatives With this particular case there are not many alternatives. Option 1- being that the surrogate keeps the child and returns all the money she was paid to do the service and the money put out for her medical bills. The surrogate could also reimburse the couple for their time and heart ache. Option 2- The couple and the surrogate could go in front of a judge and have the judge decide what is best for the child and the people involved, and what the outcome shall be. Step 5: Complete the Action This is the most important step in the ethical decision making process. This is where the actions are carried out. After reviewing all the details and options for this case the most ethical thing to be done is for the surrogate mother to give the baby, who has no biological attachments to her back to the biological parents. The surrogate can keep the $18,000 she was paid for compensation for her time and expenses, plus the money put out for all her medical expenses. Works Cited â€Å"Justice and Fairness. † Santa Clara University. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"Ethical Theory. † Web. . How to cite Ethical Decision Making, Papers

Snowboarding History Essays - Snowboarding, Individual Sports

Snowboarding History Snowboarding is the world's fastest growing winter sport and is set to become even more popular than skiing. It is still a young sport and there are many people eager to learn more about the enjoyment the sport has to offer. Without going to a mountain and taking a few lessons it is hard to fully appreciate what the sport really is, and the sensation that riding a snowboard gives. Hopefully, my report will tell everything a person would need to know about equipment, so that they can go try the sport out for themselves. The first snowboard ever marketed was produced by Shervin Popper, in 1964. It was a crude model put together in his garage, after he saw his daughter trying to go down a hill on a sled standing up. It consisted of two children's skis strapped together, with some doweling on the top for foot attraction. His daughter took it to the local sledding hill, and soon enough all the kids wanted one. Another pioneer was Dimitrije Milovich, a surfer from the east coast. He made his invention because of the lack of warm water in the winter. This board also had no bindings, but it included iron edges. In the early seventies Milovich began limited production of these custom boards. In 1977 the main snowboard company for today started production. Jake Burton made and sold his prototypes with handmade bindings. These included some elements similar to modern design. Tom Sims also started production of some boards. In 1979 Tom Sims and Chuck Barfoot created the first board made of fiberglass. At the end of the seventies and the beginning of the eighties, the snowboard began to appear in some sports magazines and on American and Canadian TV. A beer commercial showed Paul Graves riding a snowboard. This introduced the snowboard to the public, although it was still considered a strange sport. Now that snowboards were allowed on some mountains, the board needed to be redesigned so that it would work on packed snow. Shaped wood can slide along on a hill of deep powder, and it could turn pretty good, but it still was slow and hard to turn on packed snow. In 1980 and 1981 the three main snowboard companies, Burton, Sims, and John Winterstick began to produce fiberglass boards with polietilene (P-tex) bases, as well as metal edges. The same year the Struck Brothers produced a board with two small skis on the bottom. Called the Swingbo, it was easier to carve and turn on packed snow. When snowboard companies found out about the importance of flex, sidecut, and camber, nine basic materials began being used. They could be manipulated or have substitutions, depending on what the board was supposed to do. These parts were wood or foam, fiberglass, poly MDI, epoxy matrix, polietilene (a.k.a. P-tex or PE), flacee or ABS, Fenolo-reinforced poly MDI or P-tex, steel inserts, and steel with rubber dampening. Wood or foam makes up the core of the board. Usually the core is made of different types of wood, stiff and light to make the board flexible and durable. Wood needs to be laminated vertically so that the glue doesn't play too important a role in the board's performance, and so the board will keep it's characteristics over time. This process is more expensive than the process to make a board with a foam core. A foam core is cheaper than wood. It can also be produced an a larger scale easier. The only problem is that it isn't as durable as a wood core, and it often needs to be reinforced with materials such as Kevlar. There are many variations of the size, shape, and placement of the core within the board. For example, a board with most of the core in the center of the board would spin easier, because there would be no counterweight to slow the spin. Fiberglass is used in all boards over and under the core to increase stiffness and to keep the board from deforming. The process of putting all the layers together is called lamination. Fiberglass is a woven structure which is usually "Biaxle," meaning there are two directions in the weave, but even better is "Triaxle," which has three. Poly MDI is a polymeric matrix that gives the board good flexibility over time. The epoxy matrix is the glue used to stick parts of the board together in the laminating process. It has a good shock resistance, is lightweight, and has a long life of

The Difference Between Hispanic and Latino

The Difference Between Hispanic and Latino Hispanic and Latino are often used interchangeably though they actually mean two different things. Hispanic refers to people who speak Spanish or are descended from Spanish-speaking populations, while Latino refers to people who are from or descended from people from Latin  America. In todays United States, these terms are often thought of as racial categories and are often used to describe race, in the way that we also use white, black, and Asian. However, the populations they describe are actually composed of various racial groups, so using them as racial categories is inaccurate. They work more accurately as descriptors of ethnicity, but even that is a stretch given the diversity of peoples they represent. That said, they are important as identities for many people and communities, and they are used by the government to study the population, by law enforcement to study crime and punishment, and by researchers of many disciplines to study social, economic, and political trends, as well as social problems.  For these reasons, its important to understand what they mean literally, how they are used by the state in formal ways, and how those ways sometimes differ from how people use them socially. What Hispanic Means and Where  It Came From In a literal sense, Hispanic refers to people who speak Spanish or who are descended from Spanish speaking lineage. This English word evolved from the Latin word  Hispanicus, which is reported to have been used to refer to people living in Hispania - the Iberian Peninsula in todays Spain -   during the Roman Empire. Since Hispanic refers to what language people speak or that their ancestors spoke, it refers to an element of culture. This means that, as an identity category, it is closest to the definition of ethnicity,  which groups people based on a shared common culture. However, people of many different ethnicities can identify as Hispanic, so its actually more broad than ethnicity. Consider that people who originate from Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico will have come from very different cultural backgrounds, excepting their language and possibly their religion. Because of this, many people considered Hispanic today equate their ethnicity with their or their ancestors country of origin, or with an ethnic group within this country. Reports indicate that it came into use by the United States government during Richard Nixons presidency, which spanned 1968‒1974. It first appeared on the U.S. Census in 1980, as a question prompting the Census taker to determine whether or not the person was of Spanish/Hispanic origin.  Hispanic is most commonly used in the eastern U.S., including Florida and Texas. People of all different races identify as Hispanic, including white people. In todays Census people self-report their answers and have the option to choose whether or not they are of Hispanic descent. Because the Census Bureau recognizes that Hispanic is a term that describes ethnicity and not race, people can self-report a variety of racial categories as well as Hispanic origin when they complete the form. However, self-reports of race in the Census indicate that some identify their race as Hispanic. This is a matter of identity, but also of the structure of the question about race included in the Census. Race options include white, black, Asian, American Indian or Pacific Islander, or some other race. Some people who identify as Hispanic may also identify with one of these racial categories, but many do not, and as a result, choose to write in Hispanic as their race. Elaborating on this, Pew Research Center wrote in 2015: [Our] survey of multiracial Americans finds that, for two-thirds of Hispanics, their Hispanic background is a part of their racial background – not something separate. This suggests that Hispanics have a unique view of race that doesn’t necessarily fit within the official U.S. definitions. So while Hispanic might refer to ethnicity in the dictionary and governmental definition of the term, in practice, it often refers to race. What Latino Means and Where It Came From Unlike Hispanic, which refers to language, Latino is a term that refers to geography. It is used to signify that a person is from or descended from people from Latin America. It is, in fact, a shortened form of the Spanish phrase latinoamericano -   Latin American, in English. Like Hispanic, Latino does not technically speaking refer to race. Anybody from Central or South America and the Caribbean can be described as Latino. Within that group, like within Hispanic, there are varieties of races. Latinos can be white, black, indigenous American, mestizo, mixed, and even of Asian descent. Latinos can also be Hispanic, but not necessarily. For example, people from Brazil are Latino, but they are not Hispanic, since Portuguese, and not Spanish, is their native language. Similarly, people may be Hispanic, but not Latino, like those from Spain who do not also live in or have lineage in Latin America. It was not until the year 2000 that Latino first appeared on the U.S. Census as an option for ethnicity, combined with the response Other Spanish/Hispanic/Latino. In the most recent Census, conducted in 2010, it was included as Another Hispanic/Latino/Spanish origin. However, as with Hispanic, common usage and self-reporting on the Census indicates that many people identify their race as Latino. This is especially true in the western United States, where the term is more commonly used, in part because it offers a distinction from the identities of Mexican American and Chicano  - terms that specifically refer to descendants of people from Mexico. Pew Research Center found in 2015 that 69% of young Latino adults ages 18 to 29 say their Latino background is part of their racial background, as does a similar share of those in other age groups, including those 65 and older. Because Latino has come to be identified as a race in practice and associated with brown skin and origin in Latin America, black Latinos often identify differently. While they are likely to be read simply as black within U.S. society, due to their skin color, many identify as Afro-Caribbean or Afro-Latino  - terms which serve to distinguish them both from brown-skinned Latinos and from descendants of the North American population of black slaves. So, like with Hispanic, the standard meaning of Latino  often differs in practice. Because practice differs from policy, the U.S. Census Bureau is poised to change how it asks about race and ethnicity in the coming 2020 Census. The possible new phrasing of these questions would allow for Hispanic and Latino to be recorded as the respondents self-identified race.

Definition and Examples of Word Borrowing

Definition and Examples of Word Borrowing In linguistics, borrowing  (also known as lexical borrowing) is the process by which a word from one language  is adapted for use in another. The word that is borrowed is called a borrowing, a borrowed word, or a  loanword.   The English language has been described by David Crystal as an insatiable borrower. More than 120 other languages have served as sources for the contemporary vocabulary of English. Present-day English is also a major donor languagethe leading source of borrowings for many other languages. Etymology From Old English, becoming Examples and Observations English . . . has freely appropriated the major parts of its vocabulary from Greek, Latin, French, and dozens of other languages. Even though The officials automobile functioned erratically consists entirely of borrowed words, with the single exception of the, it is uniquely an English sentence.The problem with defending the purity of the English language is that English is about as pure as a cribhouse whore. We dont just borrow words; on occasion, English has pursued other languages down alleyways to beat them unconscious and rifle their pockets for new vocabulary.Exploration and BorrowingThe vocabulary of English based on exploration and trade [was] often brought to England in spoken form or in popular printed books and pamphlets. An early example is assassin (eater of hashish), which appears in English about 1531 as a loanword from Arabic, probably borrowed during the Crusades. Many of the other words borrowed from eastern countries during the Middle Ages were the names of product s (Arabic lemon, Persian musk, Semitic cinnamon, Chinese silk) and place names (like damask, from Damascus). These were the most direct examples of the axiom that a new referent requires a new word. Enthusiastic BorrowersEnglish speakers have long been globally among the most enthusiastic borrowers of other peoples words and many, many thousands of English words have  been acquired in just this way.  We get kayak from  an Eskimo language, whisky from Scottish Gaelic, ukulele from Hawaiian, yoghurt from Turkish, mayonnaise from French, algebra from Arabic, sherry from Spanish, ski  from Norwegian, waltz from German, and kangaroo from the Guugu-Yimidhirr language of Australia. Indeed, if you leaf through the pages of an English dictionary that provide the sources of words, you will discover that well over half the words in it are taken from other languages in one way or another (although not always by the sort of straightforward borrowing we are considering here).Reasons for Language BorrowingOne language may possess words for which there are no equivalents in the other language. There may be words for objects, social, political, and cultural institutions and events or abs tract concepts which are not found in the culture of the other language. We can take some examples from the English language throughout the ages. English has borrowed words for types of houses (e.g. castle, mansion, teepee, wigwam, igloo, bungalow). It has borrowed words for cultural institutions (e.g. opera, ballet). It has borrowed words for political concepts (e.g. perestroika, glasnost, apartheid). It often happens that one culture borrows from the language of another culture words or phrases to express technological, social or cultural innovations. Contemporary BorrowingToday only about five percent of our new words are taken from other languages. They are especially prevalent in the names of foods: focaccia, salsa, vindaloo, ramen.Borrowings From EnglishEnglish borrowings are entering languages everywhere, and in more domains than just science and technology. Not surprisingly, the reported reaction of a Paris disk jockey to the French Academys latest pronouncements against English borrowings was to use an English borrowing to call the pronouncement pas trà ¨s cool (not very cool). Pronunciation BOR-owe-ing Sources Peter Farb,  Word Play: What Happens When People Talk. Knopf, 1974James Nicoll,  Linguist, February 2002W.F. Bolton,  A Living Language: The History and Structure of English. Random House, 1982Trasks Historical Linguistics, 3rd ed., ed. by  Robert McColl Millar. Routledge, 2015Allan Metcalf,  Predicting New Words. Houghton Mifflin, 2002Carol Myers-Scotton,  Multiple Voices: An Introduction to Bilingualism. Blackwell, 2006Colin Baker and Sylvia Prys Jones,  Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Multilingual Matters, 1998

Peace, Stability and Coherence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Peace, Stability and Coherence - Research Paper Example It also defines how the IFOR was successful and what caused IPKF's failure. Hence, this paper describes their stance, motive, objectives and reasons.The success of IFOR in Bosnia against the lack of success of Indian troops in Sri Lanka.   CASE STUDIES Compare and contrast the success of IFOR in Bosnia against the lack of success of Indian troops in Sri Lanka.   As a reaction to the prevailing security threat and in the instability faced in many countries, in order to maintain peace and healthy relations organizations like the United Nation are playing their part to sustain the peace on a global platform. I would like to discuss to major operations held that is the Bosnia’s Implementation Force (IFOR), which was under the guidance of NATO, and the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), which deals with the interference of India in Sri Lanka when the Civil War occurred. This operation by the two agencies symbolizes the variations which portray how such peaceful operation become s successful or vice versa. It was observed that the Indians faced a very clear defeat in their three yearlong operations in Sri Lanka, resulting in the failure of IPKF. On the contrary the IFOR faced immense success in its operation in Bosnia. In my paper I would like to explain why one of the forces was successful while the other faced defeat, what were the positive factors and where did one lack during the entire process. One needs to realize that both these operations occurred in separate era of time and had different influences. The Indian operation happened during the time between 1987 and 1990. Whereas the IFOR operationhappened from 1995 to 1996. It should be noted here that the operation in Sri Lanka was merely the intervention of Indians, on the contrary in Bosnia many different countries and organizations participated. The way technology has been used later exhibits sophistication and knowledge of various techniques and equipment with proper planning by the force. Apart f rom that India tried to take over Sri Lanka resulting in the hopes of becoming a super power. Thus their planning was not accurate that ultimately resulted in their failure. The purpose of the Indians was very self-centered and all they did was plan to overcome the Sri Lankans whereas the purpose of the Bosnians was to bring about peace. The difference in approaches determined their way to success and failure. (Thakur, 2001, 136) The issues that dealt with Bosnia were majorly targeting two things, firstly the non-human activities and secondly the ethnic difference that prevailed between various religious atrocities like Serbians, Croatians and Muslims which was considered to be as â€Å"ethnic rivalries† by the media. This was going on since a long time in Bosnia, there was a massacre in Bosnia when a gunman opened fire and killed many peaceful and unified protestors. Moreover events that involved killing of many innocent people at public places also occurred. Because of this many peace keeping bodies intervened to bring about stability and peace. When the IFOR came to Bosnia they said that they would implement the Dayton Accord compliance, and use force if it was required. Thus IFOR started it operations and throughout the process it faced immense abuses, found illegal weaponry, as well as the not authorized checkpoints of police.( Simulation of conflicts and wars, 69) IFOR started its operation their which was majorly concerned with the military and IPKF on the other hand did not focus on military interventions. The things that IPKF targeted their operation were to bury the hatchet between Sri Lankan military and the Tamil Eelam liberation Tigers (LTTE) and no focus was

Teaching Process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teaching Process - Research Paper Example The researchers chose this problem because they have observed that the constant reminding and disruptions caused by talking out of turn interrupt and often deviates the flow of the lesson. It is time-consuming on the part of the teacher as s/he must focus on discipline rather than teaching the class. This constant reminding also depletes the energy levels of the teacher, which could be used for teaching instead. The researchers’ observations are reinforced by research from Fred Jones who found that 80% of the misbehavior in the classroom is comprised of talking out of turn. This proves that this particular behavior is a problem in the classroom and that there is a need to address it. Using the clip system created by the researchers will enable the teacher to remind and praise the student for raising his or her hand without disrupting the class or deviating from the lesson, thus encouraging decorous behavior and reducing out of turn talking.The study is significant because it p rovides teachers with a tool to teach students better classroom behavior through self-regulation without the need for constant reminders from The respondents of the study are the morning students of the preparatory class of the Raya School. For the scope of the study, the students will only be given clips during storytelling time. Storytelling time includes Genuine Love for Reading (GLR) and Critical Thinking (CT) time. GLR is the introduction of the book, the storytelling proper, and questions asked by the students before, during and after storytelling.

The Paperless Office and Paperless Society Will Never Happen

The Paperless Office and the Paperless Society Will Never Happen With the widespread introduction of computer terminals into offices, and the growing popularity of the personal computer, futurists and computer proponents envisioned the arrival of the â€Å"paperless office†. They predicted that in the near future, virtually all paper consumed in offices would be replaced by electronic, computer based mediums. Office workers, who before the advent of the computer relied entirely on typewriters, paper filing systems, and printed documents, could now create, store, and share information using computers. There would be no need to print out documents, because they would be always conveniently available for view using any available computer terminal. Even libraries, which traditionally contain shelves upon shelves of printed books, could be replaced by a large collection of books in electronic form. There are several main advantages of electronically stored information, as opposed to paper-based information. Content deep within an electronic library can be found using searching algorithms, and a single item within an electronic library can be shared and accessed by a nearly unlimited number of users simultaneously, who can be located in diverse geographic locations. Another advantage of a â€Å"paperless society† is environmental in nature: a dependence on paper takes its toll on our world’s forests, which are vital to the planet in many ways, such as providing oxygen, absorbing rainwater, protecting soil, and regulating climate. I would argue, however, that this environmental advantage is somewhat stretched out of proportion by computer advocates, because the manufacture of computers requires natural resources, and there are new environm... ... Industry Key Statistics As Published by the Pulp and Paper Products Council. American Process Inc. [v] Statistics Canada CANSIM Data Base. CANSIM is an official Mark of Statistics Canada. Series: C892268, Source: SDDS 3604 DEMOGRAPHY DIVISION [vi] Statistics Canada CANSIM Data Base. Series: D10505, Source: SDDS 4432 STC (63-016XPB) [vii] Same as (4). [viii] Laser Printer History. 4 Apr. 2001. American Calco Inc. [ix] Information Technology and Structural Change of the Global Forest Sector. 28 Feb. 2003. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. [x] Healy, Sean. No Technofix for the Third World. 4 Oct. 2001. ZNet.

A History of Oppression: the Mistreatment of Australian Aboriginals Essay

Cases of oppression are very much present within our world’s history, and even in most societies today. Being rich in history, Australia is a large example of oppression in our world. Not only can we find koala bears and kangaroos in the continent of Australia, but also the world’s oldest existing culture of aboriginal people (Aboriginal Australia – EmbraceAustralia. com). For nearly 50,000 years, Australia has served as home to these ancient indigenous people (Aboriginal Australia – EmbraceAustralia. com). Australia’s natives have been victims to oppression in many ways and for various reasons for nearly 200 years. They’re land had been taken over by European settlers, and later on they faced more oppression when attempts to assimilate Indigenous people into white society were made. For over a century, Australia’s aborigines have been faced with many racist prejudices and several severe cases of oppression. Issues amongst the indigenous people began in the late 1700’s, shortly after the arrival of European settlers. These new arrivals brought many changes to the native’s daily lives (Aboriginal Australia – EmbraceAustralia. com). The Aboriginals had to deal with intruders of whom they had no prior knowledge of, and the vastly different societies and cultures of these two groups of people. As European colonization began to settle down, Australia’s aboriginals were seen as lower class and savage beings by the â€Å"superior† Europeans (Aboriginals Rights – EmbraceAustralia. com). By the mid 1800’s, the Australian Government began to fear for the future of children Aborigines and issued the â€Å"Forced Assimilation Policy† in 1869 (Aboriginal Rights – EmbraceAustralia. com). It was not until the 1970’s that the Policy of Assimilation ended (Aboriginal Rights – EmbraceAustralia. com). Although aboriginal rights have greatly evolved into the present, Australia’s natives still battle against many prejudices and acts of racism even in today’s society. These indigenous people are often labeled by others to be â€Å"wide-nosed and dark-skinned† and live their ancient tribal lifestyles filled with crime, violence and drinking. In addition, numerous people still believe in false Aboriginal stereotypes. For example, aboriginals are problematic, un-educated people who follow no religion, suffer from poor iets and are given too much welfare, all of which are not necessarily true (Stereotypes about Aboriginal Australians – Creativespirits. info). This issue is a very important part of Australian history. As we look deeper into the breakdown of Aboriginal mistreatment, many contributing factors can be found. The root of this issue can be traced back to the white settlement. With the arrival of the Europeans, Aboriginals were immediately faced with many problems. The Europeans brought along many new diseases and illnesses to which the Aboriginals had no immunity. Epidemics created by the smallpox and even the common cold instantly killed nearly half of the Aboriginal population, ultimately, creating a barrier between the indigenous people and the Europeans (History of Australia – EmbraceAustralia. com). This immediately put the Aborigines in an unfortunate position where they were now much weaker, and therefore deemed inferior to the settlers. Naturally, white settlers began asking the Indigenous people for their labour in exchange for goods, and claiming Aboriginal land for â€Å"economic purposes† (The Social, Cultural and Historical Context of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians). The Aboriginal population, now considerably much smaller, had difficulty when proving ownership and power over their homeland. European settlers were now stronger and could claim territories easily. This contributed not only to the expansion of the European settlers and to the growth of their power, but also to the issue of oppression in Australia. Every day, people around the world of all races, genders, ages and cultures are faced with the degradation and suffering of racism and oppression. Australia’s Aboriginals and descendants are most certainly no stranger to these horrifying issues. During the Assimilation Policy, more than 100,000 indigenous children were separated from their Aboriginal families and homes (Aboriginal Rights – EmbraceAustralia. com). Also, it is estimated that as a result of the white settlement more than 600,000 Aboriginal people had died from the spread of disease, malnutrition and poor living conditions (Racism in Australia, John Pilger). Other than obvious racial discrimination towards Australia’s natives, there are other reasons why these people were oppressed. In order for the European colonies in Australia to gain power and grow their economy, they needed land and labour-good exchanges. The European obtained these through the oppression of Indigenous people (The Social, Cultural and Historical Context of Aboriginal and torres Strait Islander Australians). The differences between the style of living of the Whites and the Aboriginals are huge. The Europeans often thought of the Indigenous people as savages and wished to eliminate their traditional and savage ways. In order to do so, they Australian Government issued the Forced Assimilation Policy in 1869. This policy ensured that Aboriginal children were systematically removed from their families, and placed with white families. The idea of this act being that the young children would learn and grow up to be modern, white Australians. The Government believed that the integration of Aboriginals into the ‘superior’ western lifestyle of the white people would be possible (Aboriginal Rights – EmbraceAustralia. com). Many strongly believed in this policy for the â€Å"protection of future generations†, not knowing that they would end up with the ‘stolen generations’ of all the assimilated indigenous children (Armitage). Prejudices, Government Policies and non-existent legal rights are just a few of the methods of oppression the Aborigines have faced. The very first method of oppression against the Aboriginals was the removal of their ownership of land and properties, when the white settlement first began. This lead up to the abuse of aboriginal labour and poor working conditions. The effort to ‘protect’ and ‘integrate’ natives into white society with the Assimilation Policy during the mid 1800’s is possibly one of the most severe methods of oppression used in this issue. Even throughout the First World War, Aboriginals were banned from joining the army to fight for their rightful homeland . The Australian Government did not have many Aboriginal Rights until the 60’s and 70’s. Before 1962, Indigenous natives did not have the right to vote and four years later, in 1966, poor working conditions that applied solemnly to the aborigines were finally protested and acknowledged. It was not until 1967 that the Commonwealth Referendum obtained permission to create new laws and rights regarding indigenous people. Some even believe, although highly doubtful, that the spread of new diseases by the Europeans was an attempt at potential genocide towards the natives. This method is still often debated (Aboriginal Rights – EmbraceAustralia. com). Lest we forget, that along with all of these events during the years of Aboriginal oppression the natives were, and still are, associated with many false and insensitive racist prejudices. More recently, only in 2008, an official apology was finally released by Australia’s then Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd. PM Rudd gave a four minute apology followed by a 20 minute speech recounting many events and stories of victims. The apology was addressed to all aborigines and most importantly, the stolen generations. To the mothers and fathers, the brothers and sisters, for the breaking up of families and communities, we say sorry. And for the indignity and degradation thus inflicted upon a proud people and proud culture, we say sorry. † Mr. Rudd finished his speech with this closing statement before receiving a standing ovation (New York Times, Johnson). Although this apology demonstrates how most of Australia is ready to continue evolving and move on from all the oppression, a study conducted in 2008 found that â€Å"Australians in general are welcoming of diversity, but some 1 in 10 Australians still hold racist views†. The results of that study illustrate how oppression and racism, although tremendously improved, will most likely always be present in Australia’s society (Racism in Australia, Shah. Though the journey has not been easy, the proud aboriginal natives of Australia now have a tale to tell about their fight against oppression lasting two centuries. As they reencounter their battles against small pox epidemics and for land and rights, they will not be remembering their pains and sufferings, but celebrating their strength and determination to have overcome this mogul in Australian history.

Sutherlands Differential Association Theory - 1430 Words

A Critical Review of Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory Ryan Herron Dr. Patrick Parnaby SOC 2070 9 November 2017 There are many theories used by Sociologists to explain deviance. One such theory is differential association theory, proposed by Edwin Sutherland. There are many strengths and weaknesses of differential association that will be laid out in this paper after differential association theory is fully explained. When discussed, it becomes apparent that differential association theory has many strengths as well as many weaknesses, with the strength of the weaknesses outweighing that of the strengths. First, differential association theory will be laid out and explained. Sutherland, with differential association†¦show more content†¦Sutherland also argues that impersonal factors such as the media, and strangers do not affect one s deviance, but rather it is close, personal peer groups such as close friends and family that have a large effect (Sutherland, 1947; Bereska, 2014; Matsueda, 1988, 2001, O’Grady, 2014, Williams III and McShane, 2013). Finally, the last main tenant of Sutherland s theory is that these associations can vary in time, intensity, frequency, and priority (Sutherland, 1947; Bereska, 2014; Matsueda, 1988, 2001, O’Grady 2014, Williams III and McShane, 2013), potentially leading to some periods of deviance, and some periods of conformity. Sutherland s theory has evolved through his own later work, co-authored with Donald Cressey, as well through other theorists works including Akers social learning theory developed in the 1970’s, Bandura’s social learning theory developed in the 1970’s as well, and Sykes and Matza’s neutralization theory in the 1950’s. Differential association is one of the most important and widely used theories in criminology that was pioneering in the use of sociological factors to explain deviance. There are many strong points to Sutherland’s differential association theory. One such strength is the simplicity of the theory. One of Sutherland’ s goals with differential association was to replace more complex theories that had many factors involved, down to one alwaysShow MoreRelatedCriminological Theory Of Edwin Sutherlands Differential Association Theory1789 Words   |  8 PagesI. 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Not only can criminological theory explore the motivations of criminals living and dead; but it can also be a lens through which to examine fictional crime. Animal Kingdom (2010) introduces a criminal family in Sydney—largely responsible for armed robberies and drug crimes—from the perspective